Theme
Freedom and Resistance
Explore this theme across 224 historical figures, 168 heritage sites,33 lessons, 51 cultural references, and 9 journeys.
Narrow by
Historical Figures
Nanny of the Maroons
1686–1760
A. Philip Randolph
1889–1979
Pullman Porters
–?
Enslaved Africans of colonial New York
–?
Howard Dodson
1939–?
Richard Allen
1959–?
Absalom Jones
1746–1818
Daniel Payne
1978–?
Henry McNeal Turner
1834–1915
Harriet Tubman
1822–1913
Frederick Douglass
1818–1895
Sojourner Truth
1797–1883
Paul Robeson
1898–1976
James Varick
1750–1827
Sengbe Pieh (Joseph Cinque)
1814–1879
Seminole Negro Indian Scouts
–?
Andrew Johnson
1808–1875
Abraham Lincoln
1809–1865
Martin Luther King Jr.
1929–1968
James Forman
1928–2005
Julian Bond
1940–2015
Alice Walker
1944–?
Spike Lee
1957–?
Fred Shuttlesworth
1922–2011
Four Little Girls
–?
Huey P. Newton
1942–1989
Bobby Seale
1936–?
Eldridge Cleaver
1935–1998
Angela Davis
1944–?
Fred Hampton
1948–1969
Dutty Boukman
1800–1791
Cécile Fatiman
1771–1883
Booker T. Washington
1856–1915
Creek Freedmen settlers
–?
Black Oklahoma Territory settlers
–?
William Lloyd Garrison
1805–1879
Lewis Hayden
1811–1889
54th Massachusetts Regiment
1863–1865
Robert S. Abbott
1870–1940
Oscar Stanton DePriest
–?
Ida B. Wells
1862–1931
Louis Armstrong
1901–1971
9th Cavalry Buffalo Soldiers
1866–1944
10th Cavalry Buffalo Soldiers
1866–1944
Colonel Charles Young
1864–1922
Carter G. Woodson
1875–1950
Charles H. Wright
1918–2002
Motown artists
–?
Coleman Young
1918–1997
Charles Pinckney
1757–1824
W.E.B. Du Bois
1868–1963
William Henry Miles
1888–1975
Richard Vanderhorst
–?
Charles Harrison Mason
1864–1961
Andraé Crouch
1942–2015
Colonel Allen Allensworth
1842–1914
William Payne
1951–?
Josephine Allensworth
–?
Elizabeth Freeman
1744–1829
Enslaved African Americans
–?
Paul Laurence Dunbar
1872–1906
Orville Wright
1871–1948
Wilbur Wright
1867–1912
Nat Love (Deadwood Dick)
–?
Wild Bill Hickok
1837–1876
Rosa Parks
1913–2005
Ralph Abernathy
1926–1990
Jo Ann Robinson
1912–1992
Denmark Vesey
1767–1822
Clementa Pinckney
1973–2015
Nine Charleston Martyrs
–?
Emmett Till
1941–1955
Mamie Till-Mobley
1921–2003
Medgar Evers
1925–1963
John Handy
1933–?
Saunders King
1909–2000
Fillmore jazz community
–?
Urban renewal displaced residents
–?
Fisk Jubilee Singers
–?
John Hope Franklin
1915–2009
Nikki Giovanni
1943–2024
Adam K. Spence
1831–1900
Erastus Milo Cravath
1833–1900
Duke Ellington
1899–1974
Billie Holiday
1915–1959
Miles Davis
1926–1991
Minnie Evans
1892–1987
Five Points community leaders
–?
Colonel Benjamin Grierson
1826–1911
Lieutenant Henry O. Flipper
–?
Buffalo Soldiers
–?
Benjamin Butler
1818–1893
Francisco Menéndez
1700–1770
Free-Staters
–?
Border Ruffians
–?
Bass Reeves
1838–1910
Judge Isaac Parker
–?
Grant Johnson
–?
Freedpeople of Houston
–?
Reverend Jack Yates
–?
Kwame Akoto-Bamfo
1983–?
Hank Willis Thomas
1976–?
Bryan Stevenson
1959–?
James Farmer
1901–?
John Lewis
1940–2020
George Washington Carver
1864–1943
O.W. Gurley
1868–1935
J.B. Stradford
–?
1921 Massacre Survivors
1921–1921
Greenwood descendants
–?
Greenwood Business Owners
–?
Penn Center founders
–?
Gullah Geechee community leaders
–?
Samuel Chapman Armstrong
1839–1893
Mary Lou Holt
–?
John Brown
1800–1859
William Still
1821–1902
James Monroe
1953–?
Elizabeth Hemings
1735–1807
Daniel Webster
1782–1852
Thurgood Marshall
1908–1993
Charles Hamilton Houston
1895–1950
Zora Neale Hurston
1891–1960
Toni Morrison
1931–2019
Chadwick Boseman
1976–2020
Jermain Loguen
1813–1872
William "Jerry" Henry
1811–1853
John Rankin
1750–1798
Jean Rankin
1953–?
Eliza Harris (Civil War Nurse)
1831–1891
Johnson Family
–?
Father Damien
1840–1889
Mother Marianne Cope
–?
Levi Coffin
1798–1877
Catharine Coffin
1803–1881
Little Rock Nine
–?
Daisy Bates
1914–1999
Ernest Green
1941–?
Orval Faubus
1910–1994
Maggie L. Walker
1867–1934
Enslaved workers of Magnolia Plantation
–?
Coretta Scott King
1927–2006
Martin Luther King Sr.
1899–1984
Martin Luther King, Jr.
1929–1968
Mary McLeod Bethune
1875–1955
Myrlie Evers-Williams
1933–?
Fannie Lou Hamer
1917–1977
James Chaney
1943–1964
Andrew Goodman
1943–1964
Michael Schwerner
1939–1964
Thomas Jefferson
1962–?
Sally Hemings
1773–1835
Isaac Jefferson
1981–?
James Madison
1749–1812
Dolley Madison
1768–1849
Paul Jennings
1943–?
George Washington
1871–1946
Martha Washington
1731–1802
Ona Judge
1773–1848
William Lee
1826–1906
Hercules Posey
1748–1812
James Earl Ray
1928–1998
Satchel Paige
1906–1982
Josh Gibson
1911–1947
Buck O'Neil
1911–2006
Jackie Robinson
1927–2022
Cool Papa Bell
1903–1991
Benjamin 'Pap' Singleton
1809–1900
W.R. Hill
–?
Z.T. Fletcher
1846–1927
Exoduster settlers
–?
Laura Towne
–?
Ellen Murray
–?
Peter Mott
1810–1881
United States Colored Troops (USCT)
–?
James K. Polk
1795–1849
Sarah Childress Polk
1803–1891
Enslaved laborers
–?
Ralph David Abernathy
1926–1990
Gardner C. Taylor
1918–2015
L. Venchael Booth
1919–2002
George Pullman
1831–1897
Zumbi
1655–1695
Robert Smalls
1839–1915
Charlotte Forten Grimké
1837–1912
Robert Gould Shaw
1850–1931
William Harvey Carney
1840–1908
Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
1874–1938
Langston Hughes
1902–1967
James Baldwin
1924–1987
Amelia Boynton Robinson
1911–2015
Diane Nash
1938–?
Marian Wright Edelman
1939–?
Esther A. H. Hopkins
1926–2021
John D. Rockefeller
1839–1937
Sophia Packard
1824–1891
Harriet Giles
1828–1909
Stacey Abrams
1973–?
Stephen Myers
1800–1870
Harriet Myers
1807–1865
Henry Adams
1838–1918
Bose Ikard
1843–1929
Daniel Webster Wallace
1860–1939
Bill Pickett
1870–1932
Nat Love
1854–1921
Crawford Goldsby (Cherokee Bill)
1876–1896
Andrew Jackson
1767–1845
Rachel Jackson
1767–1828
Alfred Jackson
1812–1901
Solomon Northup
1807–1863
Thomas Garrett
1789–1871
Benjamin O. Davis Jr.
1912–2002
Daniel 'Chappie' James
1920–1978
Robert Russa Moton
1867–1940
Jean-Jacques Dessalines
1758–1806
Pierre Bottineau
1817–1895
James Weeks
1798–1858
Ulysses S. Grant
1822–1885
Julia Dent Grant
1876–1975
William Jones
1753–1822
Frederick Dent
1787–1873
John Cummings
1943–2017
Dr. Ibrahima Seck
–?
Enslaved people of Whitney Plantation
–?
Heritage Sites
Accompong Maroon Town
Accompong Town, N/A
Acorn African American Cultural Center
Oakland, CA
African American Civil War Memorial
Washington, DC
African Burial Ground National Monument
New York, NY
African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church — National Headquarters
Philadelphia, PA
African Methodist Episcopal Zion (AMEZ) Church — National Headquarters
Charlotte, NC
Allegheny Portage Railroad National Historic Site
Gallitzin, PA
Amistad Memorial
New Haven, Connecticut
Amistad National Recreation Area
Del Rio, TX
Andrew Johnson National Historic Site
Greeneville, TN
Antietam National Battlefield
Sharpsburg, MD
Appomattox Court House National Historical Park
Appomattox, VA
Atlanta University Center Historic District
Atlanta, GA
Bijlmermeer
Amsterdam, N/A
Birchtown, Nova Scotia
Shelburne County, Nova Scotia
Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
Birmingham, AL
Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
Birmingham, AL
Black Panther Party National Headquarters Site
Oakland, CA
Bois Caïman
Cap-Haïtien, N/A
Boley Historic District
Boley, OK
Booker T. Washington National Monument
Hardy, VA
Boston African American National Historic Site
Boston, MA
Bronzeville-Black Metropolis National Heritage Area
Chicago, IL
Buffalo Soldiers National Museum
Houston, TX
Cane River Creole National Historical Park
Natchitoches, LA
Carter G. Woodson Home National Historic Site
Washington, DC
Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History
Detroit, MI
Charles Pinckney National Historic Site
Mount Pleasant, SC
Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers National Monument
Wilberforce, OH
Cheyney University of Pennsylvania
Cheyney, PA
Christian Methodist Episcopal (CME) Church — National Headquarters
Memphis, TN
Church of God in Christ (COGIC) — World Headquarters
Memphis, TN
Citadelle Laferrière
Milot, N/A
Clichy-sous-Bois
Clichy-sous-Bois, N/A
Colonel Allensworth State Historic Park
Earlimart, CA
Colonel John Ashley House
Sheffield, MA
Colonial National Historical Park
Williamsburg, VA
Commercial Slave Markets of Washington D.C. — Taverns & Hotels
Washington, DC
Congo Square / Louis Armstrong Park
New Orleans, LA
Corbit-Sharp House
Odessa, DE
Cova da Moura
Amadora (Lisbon), N/A
Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park
Dayton, OH
Deadwood National Historic Landmark
Deadwood, SD
Decatur House — Slave Quarters & Pens
Washington, DC
Dexter Avenue King Memorial Baptist Church
Montgomery, AL
Elmina Castle Museum
Elmina, Unknown
Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church
Charleston, SC
Emmett Till Interpretive Center
Sumner, MS
Farmington Freedom Trail (First Church of Christ)
Farmington, Connecticut
Fillmore District — Harlem of the West
San Francisco, CA
Fisk University / Jubilee Hall
Nashville, TN
Five Points — Welton Street Cultural Historic District
Denver, CO
Fort Concho National Historic Landmark
San Angelo, TX
Fort Davis National Historic Site
Fort Davis, TX
Fort Larned National Historic Site
Larned, KS
Fort Monroe National Monument
Hampton, VA
Fort Mose Historic State Park
St. Augustine, FL
Fort Scott National Historic Site
Fort Scott, KS
Fort Smith National Historic Site
Fort Smith, AR
Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie National Historical Park
Charleston, SC
Frederick Douglass National Historic Site
Washington, DC
Frederick Douglass's North Star Newspaper Office (Talman Building)
Rochester, NY
Freedmen's Town Historic District (Fourth Ward)
Houston, TX
Freedom Monument Sculpture Park
Montgomery, Alabama
Freedom Riders National Monument
Anniston, AL
Freetown, Sierra Leone
Freetown,
George Washington Carver National Monument
Diamond, MO
Georgetown Slave Trade Sites — Gay Street & High Street
Washington, DC
God's Little Acre (Common Burying Ground)
Newport, Rhode Island
Golden Gate National Recreation Area
San Francisco, CA
Greenwood Cultural Center
Tulsa, OK
Greenwood Cultural Center
Tulsa, OK
Greenwood District (Black Wall Street)
Tulsa, OK
Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor
Beaufort, SC
Hampton University
Hampton, VA
Harpers Ferry National Historical Park
Harpers Ferry, WV
Harriet Tubman National Historical Park
Auburn, NY
Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park
Church Creek, MD
Highland
Charlottesville, VA
Howard University Historic District
Washington, DC
Jerry Rescue Monument
Syracuse, NY
John Brown Farm State Historic Site (Timbuctoo)
Lake Placid, NY
John Rankin House
Ripley, OH
John Rankin House
Ripley, OH
Johnson House Historic Site
Philadelphia, PA
Kalaupapa National Historical Park
Kalaupapa, HI
Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park
Kennesaw, GA
Kings Mountain National Military Park
Blacksburg, SC
Levi and Catharine Coffin State Historic Site
Fountain City, IN
Lincoln University of Pennsylvania
Lincoln University, PA
Little River Canyon National Preserve
Fort Payne, AL
Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site
Little Rock, AR
Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site
Richmond, VA
Magnolia Plantation and the Slave Street
Cloutierville, LA
Maison des Esclaves (House of Slaves)
Gorée Island, Unknown
Manassas National Battlefield Park
Manassas, VA
Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park
Atlanta, GA
Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial
Washington, DC
Mary McLeod Bethune Council House National Historic Site
Washington, DC
Matonge
Brussels, N/A
Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
Jackson, MS
Memorial to Enslaved People (Plantation - Prosperity and Nightmare)
Lisbon, Portugal
Michigan Street Baptist Church
Buffalo, NY
Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
Jackson, MS
Monocacy National Battlefield
Frederick, MD
Monrovia, Liberia
Monrovia,
Montgomery Square
Montgomery, Alabama
Monticello
Charlottesville, VA
Montpelier
Orange, VA
Mother Bethel AME Church
Philadelphia, PA
Mount Vernon
Mount Vernon, VA
Museo Afroperuano de Zaña
Zaña, Lambayeque
Museo de las Culturas Afromestizas "Vicente Guerrero Saldaña"
Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero
Mémorial de l'Abolition de l'Esclavage
Nantes, France
National Civil Rights Museum at the Lorraine Motel
Memphis, TN
National Museum of African American History and Culture
Washington, DC
National Slavery Monument (Nationaal Monument Slavernijverleden)
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Negro Leagues Baseball Museum
Kansas City, MO
New Castle Court House Museum
New Castle, DE
Nicodemus National Historic Site
Nicodemus, KS
Nkyinkyim Museum
Nuhalenya-Ada, Unknown
Obed Wild and Scenic River
Wartburg, TN
Palazzo Vecchio (Alessandro de' Medici)
Florence, Italy
Palenque de San Basilio
San Basilio de Palenque, N/A
Pan African Heritage Museum
Winneba, Ghana
Panthéon – Josephine Baker Crypt
Paris, Unknown
Patriots Park (1st Rhode Island Regiment Monument)
Portsmouth, Rhode Island
Pea Ridge National Military Park
Garfield, AR
Penn Center
St. Helena Island, SC
Peter Mott House Underground Railroad Museum
Lawnside, NJ
Petersburg National Battlefield
Petersburg, VA
Polk Place
Nashville, TN
Port Chicago Naval Magazine National Memorial
Concord, CA
Praça do Comércio (Terreiro do Paço)
Lisbon, Portugal
President's Park (White House)
Washington, DC
Progressive National Baptist Convention (PNBC) — National Headquarters
Washington, DC
Présence Africaine
Paris, Unknown
Pullman National Historical Park
Chicago, IL
Quilombo dos Palmares (Serra da Barriga)
União dos Palmares, N/A
Reconstruction Era National Historical Park
Beaufort, SC
Robert Gould Shaw and Massachusetts 54th Regiment Memorial
Boston, MA
San Juan National Historic Site
San Juan, PR
San Lorenzo de los Negros (Yanga)
Yanga, Veracruz, N/A
Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture
New York, NY
Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail
Selma, AL
Seneca Village
New York, NY
Shiloh National Military Park
Shiloh, TN
Sojourner Truth State Park (Sojourner Truth's Ulster County Homeland)
Kingston, NY
Spelman College
Atlanta, GA
Stephen and Harriet Myers Residence
Albany, NY
Sumner County, Kansas — Exoduster Settlement Sites
Wellington, KS
Texas Black Cowboys Trail — Chisholm Trail Corridor
Abilene, TX
The Hermitage
Hermitage, TN
The Legacy Museum: From Enslavement to Mass Incarceration
Montgomery, Alabama
The National Memorial for Peace and Justice
Montgomery, Alabama
The Yellow House (Williams' Slave Pen)
Washington, DC
Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve
Jacksonville, FL
Tubman-Garrett Riverfront Park (Thomas Garrett Home Site)
Wilmington, DE
Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site
Tuskegee, AL
Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site
Tuskegee, AL
Vertières battlefield
Cap-Haïtien, N/A
Vicksburg National Military Park
Vicksburg, MS
Virgin Islands National Park
St. John, VI
Voyageurs National Park
International Falls, MN
Weeksville Heritage Center
Brooklyn, NY
White Haven (Ulysses S. Grant National Historic Site)
St. Louis, MO
Whitney Plantation
Wallace, LA
Wilberforce University
Wilberforce, OH
Curriculum Lessons
Gaspar Yanga and San Lorenzo de los Negros: The First Free Town in the Americas
Unit 1
Gender & Resistance: Women Who Refused
Unit 2
Brazil & the Largest African Diaspora in the Americas
Unit 2
Quilombo dos Palmares: An African Kingdom in Brazil
Unit 3
Palenque de San Basilio: A Free Town That Never Disappeared
Unit 3
Nanny of the Maroons: Legacy, Leadership, and Complication
Unit 3
The Engineered Divide: Colorism & the Plantation Hierarchy
Unit 3
Fedon's Rebellion: Grenada's Attempt to Become 'Another Haiti'
Unit 4
The Political Convention & Public Voice (1820–1840)
Unit 4
Josephine Baker and Montmartre's Black Expatriate Scene
Unit 4
The General Strike & The End of Slavery (1861–1865)
Unit 4
Clandestine Infrastructure & Fugitivity (1830–1850)
Unit 4
HBCU to Independence: The African Leaders of Lincoln University
Unit 4.5
King's Ghana Trip & Malcolm's OAAU Charter
Unit 5
Apprenticeship in Practice: 'But Another Name for Slavery'
Unit 5
French West Africa: A Referendum With One Real Choice, and the One Country That Chose Differently
Unit 5
The Civil Rights Movement: From Brown to Selma (1954–1965)
Unit 6
Malcolm X & the Nation of Islam: Black Nationalism and Self-Defense
Unit 6
Vietnam: Black Service, Black Resistance
Unit 6
The White Normative Gaze and Its Shadows: Respectability, Authenticity, and the Politics of Black Identity
Unit 6
Kenya: The Mau Mau Uprising and Sixty Years to an Apology
Unit 6
'A New System of Slavery': The Origins of Indian Indentureship
Unit 6
Paris as Refuge: African American Expatriates from the Hellfighters to Baldwin
Unit 6.5
Dance as Liberation: Alvin Ailey & Dance Theater of Harlem
Unit 6.5
The Caribbean Connection: Haiti, Jamaica, and the Making of the African Diaspora
Unit 7
Culture Has a Material Base: Cabral's Materialist Theory
Unit 7
The Haitian Thread: Revolution, Refuge, and the Long Struggle
Unit 7.5
Punished by Relocation: The Caribbean as Exile
Unit 7.5
Not One Voyage: The Myth of the Settled Diaspora
Unit 7.5
Resistance as Migration, Then and Now: The Diaspora's Unfinished Work
Unit 7.5
Innovation Against the Odds: Scientists, Inventors and Engineers
Unit 9
Imagining Freedom: African Futurism and Afrofuturism
Unit 10
The Organizations Still Doing the Work
Unit 14
Cultural References
12 Years a Slave
Steve McQueen · Film · 2013
13th
Ava DuVernay · Documentary · 2016
1619
Nikole Hannah-Jones · Literature · 2019
A Change Is Gonna Come
Sam Cooke · Music · 1964
A Raisin in the Sun
Lorraine Hansberry · Literature · 1959
American Gothic, Washington, D.C.
Gordon Parks · Photography · 1942
August Wilson's Century Cycle
August Wilson · Literature · 1982
Beloved
Toni Morrison · Literature · 1987
Between the World and Me
Ta-Nehisi Coates · Literature · 2015
Eyes on the Prize
Henry Hampton · Documentary · 1987
Finding Your Roots
Henry Louis Gates Jr. · Series · 2012
Forever Free
Edmonia Lewis · Visual Art · 1867
Frederick Douglass, 1870s Portrait
Unknown photographer · Photography · 1870
Get Out
Jordan Peele · Film · 2017
Glory
Edward Zwick · Film · 1989
Harvest Talk
Charles White · Visual Art · 1953
I Am Not Your Negro
Raoul Peck · Documentary · 2016
I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
Maya Angelou · Literature · 1969
Invisible Man
Ralph Ellison · Literature · 1952
Just Mercy
Destin Daniel Cretton · Film · 2019
Kindred
Octavia Butler · Literature · 1979
Lemonade
Beyoncé · Music · 2016
Lincoln
Steven Spielberg · Film · 2012
Lovecraft Country
Misha Green / Matt Ruff · Series · 2020
Malcolm X
Spike Lee · Film · 1992
Mississippi Burning
Alan Parker · Film · 1988
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
Frederick Douglass · Literature · 1845
Native Son
Richard Wright · Literature · 1940
Roots
Alex Haley / David Wolper · Series · 1977
Roy DeCarava: Civil Rights and Everyday Life
Roy DeCarava · Photography · 1963
Say It Loud — I'm Black and I'm Proud
James Brown · Music · 1968
Seeing White
Scene on Radio / John Biewen · Podcast · 2017
Sharecropper
Elizabeth Catlett · Visual Art · 1946
Slavery by Another Name
Douglas Blackmon / TPT · Documentary · 2012
Strange Fruit
Billie Holiday · Music · 1939
The 1619 Project Podcast
Nikole Hannah-Jones / The New York Times · Podcast · 2019
The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross
Henry Louis Gates Jr. · Documentary · 2013
The Autobiography of Malcolm X
Malcolm X & Alex Haley · Literature · 1965
The Color Purple
Alice Walker · Literature · 1982
The Fire Next Time
James Baldwin · Literature · 1963
The Hate U Give
Angie Thomas · Literature · 2017
The Migration Series
Jacob Lawrence · Visual Art · 1940
The Migration Series, Panel 1
Jacob Lawrence · Visual Art · 1940
The New Jim Crow
Michelle Alexander · Literature · 2010
The Souls of Black Folk
W.E.B. Du Bois · Literature · 1903
The Underground Railroad
Colson Whitehead · Literature · 2016
Their Eyes Were Watching God
Zora Neale Hurston · Literature · 1937
To Pimp a Butterfly
Kendrick Lamar · Music · 2015
We Shall Overcome
Pete Seeger / Civil Rights Movement · Music · 1963
What's Going On
Marvin Gaye · Music · 1971
When They See Us
Ava DuVernay · Series · 2019
Discovery Journeys
Road to Freedom
The Underground Railroad & the Architecture of Escape
Civil Rights Trail
From Montgomery to Memphis — The Movement That Changed America
The Great Migration
Six Million People. One of History's Greatest Movements.
Reconstruction & Democracy
The First American Democracy — and Who Destroyed It
Black Wall Streets
The Economics of Self-Determination — and the Violence That Targeted It
Pan-African World
Garvey to Nkrumah — The Global Movement That Linked African Americans to African Independence
Black Cowboys & the Western Frontier
The Erased Third of the Wild West — Freedom Seekers, Buffalo Soldiers & Frontier Builders
Art as Resistance
From the Harlem Renaissance to Hollywood — Culture as Liberation
The Capital's Hidden Trade
Slave Markets in the Shadow of American Democracy — Washington, D.C.